Magnus Never Imply That Inflection to the Word Daddy Again

Grammer of the Latin linguistic communication

Latin is a heavily inflected language with largely gratis give-and-take order. Nouns are inflected for number and instance; pronouns and adjectives (including participles) are inflected for number, case, and gender; and verbs are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood. The inflections are oft changes in the ending of a word, but can be more complicated, specially with verbs.

Thus verbs can take any of over 100 dissimilar endings to express different meanings, for example regō "I dominion", regor "I am ruled", regere "to rule", regī "to be ruled". Most verbal forms consist of a single word, just some tenses are formed from role of the verb sum "I am" added to a participle; for instance, ductus sum "I was led" or ductūrus est "he is going to pb".

Nouns vest to ane of three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). The gender of a noun is shown by the adjectives and pronouns that refer to it: e.g., hic vir "this homo", haec mulier "this adult female", hoc nōmen "this name". At that place are also two numbers: singular ( mulier "woman") and plural ( mulierēs "women").

Too as having gender and number, nouns, adjectives, and pronouns take different endings according to their function in the sentence, for example, rēx "the king" (subject), merely rēgem "the king" (object). These unlike endings are chosen "cases". Most nouns take six cases: nominative (subject), accusative (object), genitive ("of"), dative ("to" or "for"), ablative ("with" or "in"), and vocative (used for addressing). Some nouns have a seventh case, the locative; this is mostly found with the names of towns and cities, e.chiliad. Rōmae "in Rome".

There is no definite or indefinite commodity in Latin, so that rēx can mean "male monarch", "a king", or "the king" according to context.

Priscian, or the Grammar, marble cameo panel dated 1437–1439 from the bell tower of Florence, Italy, past Luca della Robbia. The scene is an allegory of grammar and, by implication, all of education. Note the opening door in the background and the unshod anxiety of the get-go pupil.

Latin word order tends to be subject field–object–verb; however, other word orders are mutual. Unlike word orders are used to express dissimilar shades of emphasis. (See Latin word order.)

An adjective tin can come either before or afterwards a noun, e.thou. vir bonus or bonus vir "a skillful homo", although some kinds of adjectives, such as adjectives of nationality ( vir Rōmānus "a Roman man") usually follow the noun.

Latin usually omits pronouns as the subject except for emphasis; so for case amās by itself means "you love" without the need to add the pronoun tū "you". (A language with this feature is known as a pro-drop language.) Latin as well exhibits verb framing in which the path of movement is encoded into the verb rather than shown by a separate word or phrase. For example, the Latin verb exit (a compound of ex and it) ways "he/she/it goes out".

In this article a line over a vowel (e.g. ē) indicates that information technology is long.

Nouns [edit]

Number [edit]

Most Latin nouns have two numbers, singular and plural: rēx "king", rēgēs "kings". A few nouns, chosen plūrālia tantum ("plural only"), although plural in form, have a atypical pregnant, due east.yard. castra "a camp", litterae "a letter", nūptiae "a hymeneals".

Gender [edit]

Nouns are divided into iii genders, known as masculine, feminine, and neuter. The deviation is shown in the pronouns and adjectives that refer to them, for example:

• ipse rēx "the king himself" (masculine)
• ipsa rēgīna "the queen herself" (feminine)
• ipsum bellum "the war itself" (neuter)

To a certain extent, the genders follow the meanings of the words (for example, winds are masculine, tree-names feminine):

• Masculine nouns include all those referring to males, such as dominus "chief", puer "boy", deus "god", just also some inanimate objects such equally hortus "garden", exercitus "army", mōs "custom". Words in the second declension catastrophe in -us or -er are usually masculine.
• Feminine nouns include all those referring to females, such as puella "girl", mulier "adult female", dea "goddess", only also inanimate or abstract nouns such as arbor "tree", urbs "city", hūmānitās "kindness", nātiō "nation". Words in the 1st declension similar puella catastrophe in -a are usually feminine, with a few exceptions such as poēta "poet", and also feminine are 3rd declension nouns catastrophe in -tās and -tiō.
• Neuter nouns (apart from scortum "a sex worker (of either gender)") all refer to things, such equally nōmen "proper name", corpus "torso", bellum "war", venēnum 'poison'.

Neuter nouns differ from masculine and feminine in two ways: (1) the plural ends in -a, east.g. bella "wars", corpora "bodies"; (ii) the subject (nominative) and object (accusative) cases are identical.

Case [edit]

Nouns in Latin have a serial of different forms, chosen cases of the noun, which have different functions or meanings. For example, the word for "king" is rēx when discipline of a verb, but rēgem when it is the object:

• rēx videt "the king sees" (nominative case)
• rēgem videt "he sees the king" (accusative instance)

Further cases mean "of" (genitive case), "to/for" (dative instance), and "with" (ablative case). A few nouns have a separate form used for addressing a person (vocative case), but in well-nigh nouns the vocative is the aforementioned as the nominative.

Some nouns, such as the names of cities and pocket-sized islands, and the word domus "home", have a seventh case chosen the locative, for instance Rōmae "in Rome" or domī "at abode". But about nouns do not take this case.

All the cases except nominative and vocative are called the "oblique" cases.^[ane]

The order in which the cases are given in grammar books differs in unlike countries. In Britain and countries influenced past Britain the order nominative, vocative, accusative is used as in the table beneath.^[ane] In the U.s.a. in grammars such equally Gildersleeve and Lodge (1895) the traditional order is used, with the genitive case in the second place and ablative last. In the popularly used Wheelock's Latin (1956, 7th edition 2011) and Allen and Greenough'due south New Latin Grammar (1903), however, the vocative is placed at the end.

The following table shows the endings of a typical noun of the 3rd declension.^[2] If Gildersleeve and Order's order is preferred, click on the symbol "GL" in the seventh column in the tabular array beneath; for Wheelock's order click on "Wh":

Proper name of example	Employ	sing.	meaning	plur.	significant	Br	GL	Wh
Nominative	Field of study	rēx	a rex, the king	rēgēs	kings, the kings	one	1	1
Vocative	Addressing	rēx	o rex!	rēgēs	o kings!	ii	five	half dozen
Accusative	Object, goal	rēgem	a king, the rex (object)	rēgēs	kings, the kings (object)	3	4	4
Genitive	of	rēgis	of the king, of a king	rēgum	of kings, of the kings	4	two	2
Dative	to, for	rēgī	to the king	rēgibus	to kings, to the kings	5	3	3
Ablative	with, by, from, in	rēge	with the king	rēgibus	with the kings	6	6	v

Sometimes the aforementioned endings, e.g. -ēs and -ibus , are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Latin is shown by ending rather than word lodge, in theory rēgēs dūcunt could mean either "the kings pb" or "they pb the kings". In do, however, such ambiguities are rare.

Declensions [edit]

1st and second declensions [edit]

Latin nouns are divided into dissimilar groups according to the patterns of their instance endings. These dissimilar groups are known every bit declensions. Nouns with -a in the nominative singular, similar puella "daughter" are known as 1st declension nouns, so on.

The following table shows the declension of puella "girl" (1st declension), dominus "lord, master" (2nd declension masculine), and bellum "war" (2nd declension neuter):^[iii]

Example	1 sg.	ane pl.		two sg.	2 pl.		2n sg.	2n pl.		Br	GL	Wh
Nominative	puella	puellae		dominus	dominī		bellum	bella		1	1	1
Vocative	puella	puellae		domine	dominī		bellum	bella		2	5	vi
Accusative	puellam	puellās		dominum	dominōs		bellum	bella		3	4	4
Genitive	puellae	puellārum		dominī	dominōrum		bellī	bellōrum		iv	2	two
Dative	puellae	puellīs		dominō	dominīs		bellō	bellīs		5	3	iii
Ablative	puellā	puellīs		dominō	dominīs		bellō	bellīs		6	6	5

1st declension nouns are unremarkably feminine, except for a few referring to men, such as agricola "farmer" or poēta "poet". The nouns fīlia "daughter" and dea "goddess" accept dative and ablative plural fīliābus, deābus . The locative case ends in -ae, pl. -īs, e.g. Rōmae "in Rome", Athēnīs "in Athens".^[4]

2nd declension nouns in -us are usually masculine, but those referring to trees (e.g. pīnus "pine tree") and some identify names (e.one thousand. Aegyptus "Egypt") are feminine. A few 2nd declension nouns, such as vir "man" and puer "boy", lack endings in the nominative and vocative singular. In the second declension, the genitive plural in some words is optionally -um, especially in poetry:^{[5] [6]} deum or deōrum "of the gods", virum or virōrum "of men".

Neuter nouns such as bellum "state of war" have -a in the nominative plural. In neuter nouns, the vocative and accusative are always the same every bit the nominative; the genitive, dative, and ablative are the same as the masculine. Nearly 2nd declension neuter nouns end in -um but vīrus "toxicant" and vulgus "crowd" cease in -us.

3rd coast [edit]

Tertiary coast nouns accept various patterns of coast. Some decline like the following: mīles "soldier", urbs "city", corpus "body":^[vii]

Instance	iii sg.	iii pl.		3 sg.	3 pl.		3n sg.	3n pl.		Br	GL	Wh
Nominative	mīles	mīlitēs		urbs	urbēs		corpus	corpora		1	1	ane
Vocative	mīles	mīlitēs		urbs	urbēs		corpus	corpora		2	five	vi
Accusative	mīlitem	mīlitēs		urbem	urbēs/-īs		corpus	corpora		3	iv	4
Genitive	mīlitis	mīlitum		urbis	urbium		corporis	corporum		4	2	two
Dative	mīlitī	mīlitibus		urbī	urbibus		corporī	corporibus		5	iii	3
Ablative	mīlite	mīlitibus		urbe	urbibus		corpore	corporibus		6	half-dozen	5

There are some variations, yet. A few, such every bit vīs, vim, vī "force", have accusative singular -im and ablative singular -ī; some, similar ignis "burn down", optionally accept -ī instead of -east in the ablative singular. The genitive plural in some nouns is -um, in others -ium. (For details, run into Latin declension.) 3rd coast nouns can exist of any gender.

Information technology is not commonly possible to guess the genitive of a noun from the nominative. dux "leader" has genitive ducis but rēx "king" has rēgis ; pater "male parent" has genitive patris but iter "journey" has itineris . For this reason the genitive is always given in dictionaries, and can be used to discover the remaining cases.

fourth and 5th declension [edit]

4th and 5th declension nouns are less mutual. They decline like the following ( manus "hand", genū "knee", diēs "day"):^[8]

Instance	4 sg.	4 pl.		4n sg.	4n pl.		5 sg.	5 pl.		Br	GL	Wh
Nominative	mitt	manūs		genū	genua		diēs	diēs		1	1	ane
Vocative	mitt	manūs		genū	genua		diēs	diēs		2	five	6
Accusative	manum	manūs		genū	genua		diēm	diēs		3	4	four
Genitive	manūs	manuum		genūs	genuum		diēī	diērum		4	2	2
Dative	manuī	manibus		genuī, genū	genibus		diēī	diēbus		5	3	3
Ablative	manū	manibus		genū	genibus		diē	diēbus		6	6	v

4th declension nouns are normally masculine, but a few, such as manus "hand" and anus "old lady", are feminine. There are only iv quaternary declension neuter nouns.^[9]

fifth coast nouns (except for diēs (1000) "24-hour interval") are unremarkably feminine. rēs "matter" is similar to diēs except for a short e in the genitive and dative atypical reī .

Other nouns [edit]

In improver to the to a higher place there are some irregularly declined nouns, mostly borrowed from Greek, such every bit the name Aenēās "Aeneas" (1st declension masculine).^[10]

The vocative is nearly always the same every bit the nominative, except in 1st and 2nd coast masculine singular words, such equally Aenēā! "Aeneas!" and domine! "master!/lord!". Some words, such as deus "god", have no split vocative, still.

Use of cases [edit]

Nominative [edit]

The nominative instance is used for the subject area of an active or a passive verb:

rēx respondit = the king replied

rēx occīsus est = the king was killed

It is also used for the complement of a copula verb such as est "he is" or factus est "he became":^[11]

rēx erat Aenēās nōbīs = our king was Aeneas / Aeneas was our rex

rēx factus est = he was made king / he became king

Vocative [edit]

The vocative case is used when addressing someone:

jubēsne mē, Rōmule Rēx, foedus ferīre? = do you order me, Male monarch Romulus, to strike a treaty?

Accusative [edit]

The accusative example is used for the object of a sentence:^[12]

rēgem interfēcērunt = they killed the male monarch

It is likewise used equally the discipline of an infinitival clause dependent on a verb of speaking or the like:

rēgem interfectum esse crēdēbant = they believed that the rex had been killed

It tin be the complement of some other give-and-take which is itself accusative:

Tullum populus rēgem creāvit = the people made Tullus their king

It tin also be used with a place name to refer to the destination:

Rōmam profectus est = he set out for Rome

The accusative is also used later various prepositions (peculiarly those that imply movement towards):

senātus ad rēgem lēgātōs mīsit = the Senate sent ambassadors to the king

cōnsul in urbem rediit = the consul returned to the urban center

Some other use of the accusative is to give a length of time or distance:

rēgnāvit annōs quīnque = he reigned for five years

quīnque pedēs longus = five foot tall

Genitive [edit]

A genitive noun can represent a kin:

rēgis fīlia = the king's girl, daughter of the male monarch

mea fīlia = my daughter, daughter of mine

A genitive substantive tin stand for the phenomenon of mental processes such as misereor "I compassion" and oblīvīscor "I forget", or the senser of mental processes such as interest "it interests": ^[13]

numquam oblīvīscar noctis illīus = I will never forget that night^[14]

A genitive noun tin can correspond either the senser or miracle of a mental process represented past a substantive:

ego tē dēsīderō = I long for you

meum dēsīderium tuī = my longing for you

mīlitēs regnum dēsīderant = the warriors long for a reign

mīlitum dēsīderium regnī = the warriors' longing for a reign

A genitive substantive can stand for the histrion of a process represented by a noun:^[15]

Caesar advēnit = Caesar arrived

Caesaris adventus = Caesar's inflow

A frequent type of genitive is the partitive genitive, expressing the quantity of something:^[sixteen]

satis temporis = enough time

Dative [edit]

The dative instance means "to" or "for". It is oft used with verbs of saying or giving:

rēgī nūntiātum est = it was appear to the rex

pecūniam rēgī crēdidit = he entrusted the money to the king

Information technology tin also be used with certain adjectives:

cārissimus erat rēgī = he was very dear to the male monarch^[17]

It is also used with certain verbs such equally pāreō "I obey" or persuādeō "I persuade":^[eighteen]

pāruit rēgī = he was obedient to (i.e. obeyed) the king

At that place are also various idiomatic uses, such as the dative of possession:

quid est tibī nōmen? = what's your name?^[19]

Ablative [edit]

The ablative instance can mean "with", especially when the noun it refers to is a affair rather than a person:^[20]

gladiō sē transfīgit = he stabbed himself with a sword

Oft a phrase consisting of a noun plus participle in the ablative can express fourth dimension or circumstance. This is known as an "ablative absolute":^[21]

rēgibus exāctīs = with the kings driven out, i.e. after the kings were driven out

Information technology is as well frequently used with prepositions, especially those meaning "from", "with", "in", or "by":

ūnus ē rēgibus = i from (i.e. one of) the kings

cum rēgibus = with the kings

ā rēgibus = by the kings, from the kings

prō rēge = for/on behalf of the king

Another use is in expressions of time and place (except those that give the length of time or distance):

eō tempore = at that time

hōc locō = at this place

paucīs diēbus = in a few days

The ablative can also mean "from", specially with place names:^[22]

Rōmā profectus est = he set out from Rome

locō ille mōtus est = he was dislodged from his position

Locative [edit]

The locative is a rare instance used only with names of cities, small islands, and one or two other words such as domus "home". Information technology means "at" or "in":^[23]

cōnsul modify Rōmae mānsit = i of the two consuls remained in Rome^[24]

multōs annōs nostrae domī vīxit = he lived at our house for many years^[25]

Adjectives [edit]

Coast of adjectives [edit]

Adjectives, like nouns, take different endings for the different cases singular and plural. They also differ as to gender, having different forms for masculine, feminine, and neuter. (But masculine and neuter are identical in the genitive, dative, and ablative cases.)

Many adjectives belong to the 1st and 2nd declensions, declining in the same way as the nouns puella, dominus, bellum . An case is the adjective bonus "adept" shown below:

Case	g. sg.	f. sg.	n. sg.		m. pl	f. pl.	northward. pl.		Br	GL	Wh
Nominative	bonus	bona	bonum		bonī	bonae	bona		1	1	1
Vocative	bone	bona	bonum		bonī	bonae	bona		2	five	vi
Accusative	bonum	bonam	bonum		bonōs	bonās	bona		3	4	4
Genitive	bonī	bonae	bonī		bonōrum	bonārum	bonōrum		4	two	2
Dative	bonō	bonae	bonō		bonīs	bonīs	bonīs		5	three	3
Ablative	bonō	bonā	bonō		bonīs	bonīs	bonīs		six	half-dozen	5

Other adjectives vest to the third declension, in which case the masculine and feminine are usually identical. Most tertiary declension adjectives are i-stems, and have ablative singular -ī and genitive plural -ium. An example is ingēns "huge" shown below:

Case	chiliad/f. sg.	n. sg.		thou/f. pl	n. pl.		Br	GL	Wh
Nominative	ingēns	ingēns		ingentēs	ingentia		1	1	1
Vocative	ingēns	ingēns		ingentēs	ingentia		2	5	6
Accusative	ingentem	ingēns		ingentēs/-īs	ingentia		iii	4	4
Genitive	ingentis	ingentis		ingentium	ingentium		four	two	2
Dative	ingentī	ingentī		ingentibus	ingentibus		5	3	3
Ablative	ingentī	ingentī		ingentibus	ingentibus		6	6	5

In a very few tertiary declension adjectives such equally ācer, ācris, ācre "sharp, bully", the feminine is different from the masculine, but merely in the nominative and vocative singular.

A few adjectives (especially comparative adjectives) decline as consonant stems, and have ablative singular -e and genitive plural -um. An instance is melior "improve":

Case	grand/f. sg.	n. sg.		1000/f. pl	n. pl.		Br	GL	Wh
Nominative	melior	melius		meliōrem	meliōra		ane	1	1
Vocative	melior	melius		meliōrēs	meliōra		2	5	6
Accusative	meliōrem	melius		meliōrēs	meliōra		iii	iv	4
Genitive	meliōris	meliōris		meliōrum	meliōrum		4	2	ii
Dative	meliōrī	meliōrī		meliōribus	meliōribus		v	3	3
Ablative	meliōre	meliōre		meliōribus	meliōribus		6	six	5

Participles such as dūcēns "leading" usually have -e in the ablative singular, but -ium in the genitive plural.^[26]

There are no adjectives in the fourth or fifth declensions.

The adjectives sōlus "only" and tōtus "the whole of" pass up similar pronouns, with genitive singular -īus and dative atypical -ī:

tōtīus Graeciae = of the whole of Hellenic republic (genitive case)

tibī sōlī = to y'all solitary (dative case)

Agreement of adjectives [edit]

Any adjective that describes or refers to a noun must be in the same instance as the substantive, as well as the same number and gender. Thus in the phrase beneath, where rēx is in the vocative singular instance, bonus must exist in the vocative singular also:

ō os rēx = o good male monarch

Comparative and elevation adjectives [edit]

Adjectives accept positive, comparative and superlative forms. Superlative adjectives are declined according to the first and second declension, but comparative adjectives are third coast.

When used in sentences, a comparative adjective can be used in several ways:

• Admittedly (with the meaning "rather" or "more than usual")
• With quam (Latin for "than")
• With an ablative pregnant "than"
• With the genitive

Examples:

• Cornēlia est fortis puella : Cornelia is a dauntless daughter.

The comparative adjective tin be used absolutely (i.e. without whatever overt comparing) or with the comparison fabricated explicit:

• Cornēlia est fortior puella : Cornelia is a rather brave girl.
• Cornēlia est fortior puella quam Flāvia : Cornelia is a braver girl than Flavia. (Here quam is used, Flavia is in the nominative to match Cornelia)
• Cornēlia est fortior Flāviā : Cornelia is braver than Flavia. (Here Flavia is in the ablative.)
• Cornēlia est fortior puellārum : Cornelia is the braver of the girls

Peak adjectives are most frequently used absolutely, but they tin can besides be used with the genitive omnium "of all":

• Cornēlia est puella fortissima : Cornelia is a very brave girl
• Cornēlia est puella omnium fortissima : Cornelia is the bravest girl of all.

Some comparative and tiptop adjectives

POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	Peak
longus, -a, -um long, tall	longior, -ius longer, taller	longissimus, -a, -um very long, longest
brevis, -e short	brevior, -ius shorter	brevissimus, -a, -um very short, shortest
pulcher, -chra, -chrum cute	pulchrior, -ius more beautiful	pulcherrimus, -a, -um very beautiful, well-nigh beautiful
bonus, -a, -um proficient	melior, -ius ameliorate	optimus, -a, -um very skillful, all-time
facilis, -is, -eastward easy	facilior, -ius easier	facillimus, -a, -um very easy, easiest
magnus, -a, -um great	maior, -ius greater	maximus, -a, -um very groovy, greatest
malus, -a, -um bad	peior, -ius worse	pessimus, -a, -um very bad, worst
multus, -a, -um much	plūs (+ genitive) more	plūrimus, -a, -um very much, most
multī, -ae, -a many	plūres, plūra more	plūrimī, -ae, -a very many, most
parvus, -a, -um small	minor smaller	minimus, -a, -um very small-scale, smallest
superus, -a, -um situated above	superior, -ius higher, previous	suprēmus, -a, -um / summus, -a, -um highest, final
( prae ) earlier	prior, prius before	prīmus, -a, -um first

Detailed information and declension tables can exist establish at Latin coast.

Pronouns [edit]

Pronouns are of 2 kinds, personal pronouns and third person pronouns. Personal pronouns decline every bit follows.

Instance	I	y'all sg.	himself/ herself		we	you pl.	themselves	Br	Am
Nominative	egō	tū	–		nōs	vōs	–	1	1
Accusative	mē	tē	sē / sēsē		nōs	vōs	sē / sēsē	3	4
Genitive	meī	tuī	suī		nostrum/-trī	vestrum/-trī	suī	4	ii
Dative	mihī	tibī	sibī		nōbīs	vōbīs	sibī	v	3
Ablative	mē	tē	sē / sēsē		nōbīs	vōbīs	sē / sēsē	6	half-dozen

mē, tē, nōs, vōs can also be used reflexively ("I run into myself" etc.).^[27]

Nōs is oftentimes used in classical Latin for "I", but vōs is never used in a atypical sense.^[28]

The genitive nostrum is used partitively ( ūnusquisque nostrum "each one of us"), nostrī objectively ( memor nostrī "remembering us, mindful of the states").^{[29] [27]}

3rd person pronouns are those such every bit hic "this" and ipse "(he) himself". The third person pronouns can also be used adjectivally (except that quid "what?" when adjectival becomes quod ). The declension of these pronouns tends to be irregular. They generally have -īus in the genitive singular, and -ī in the dative singular. In a few pronouns ( illud "that", istud "that (of yours)", id "it, that", quod "which", quid "anything; what?", aliud "another", aliquid "something") the neuter singular ends in -d.

The coast of ille "that" is as follows:^[thirty]

Case	grand. sg.	f. sg.	n. sg.		grand. pl	f. pl.	n. pl.	Br	Am
Nominative	ille	illa	illud		illī	illae	illa	1	one
Accusative	illum	illam	illud		illōs	illās	illa	iii	4
Genitive	illīus (illius)	illīus	illīus		illōrum	illārum	illōrum	4	two
Dative	illī	illī	illī		illīs	illīs	illīs	5	3
Ablative	illō	illā	illō		illīs	illīs	illīs	vi	6

Ipse "he himself" is very like, except that the neuter singular ipsum ends in -m instead of -d.

Other very common 3rd person pronouns are hic, haec, hoc "this" and is, ea, id "he, she, it; that". Like other 3rd person pronouns, these can exist used either independently ( is "he") or adjectivally ( is homō "that homo"):

Example	m. sg.	f. sg.	northward. sg.		m. pl	f. pl.	n. pl.	Br	Am
Nominative	hic	haec	hoc		hī	hae	haec	1	1
Accusative	hunc	hanc	hoc		hōs	hās	haec	3	four
Genitive	huius	huius	huius		hōrum	hārum	hōrum	4	2
Dative	huic	huic	huic		hīs	hīs	hīs	5	three
Ablative	hōc	hāc	hōc		hīs	hīs	hīs	half dozen	6

Before a vowel, hic and hoc are pronounced as if spelled hicc and hocc . Huius is pronounced as if spelled huiius with a long showtime syllable.^[31]

Case	m. sg.	f. sg.	n. sg.		m. pl	f. pl.	northward. pl.	Br	Am
Nominative	is	ea	id		iī	eae	ea	i	i
Accusative	eum	eam	id		eōs	eās	ea	three	iv
Genitive	eius	eius	eius		eōrum	eārum	eōrum	4	2
Dative	eī	eī	eī		eīs/iīs	eīs/iīs	eīs/iīs	5	three
Ablative	eō	eā	eō		eīs/iīs	eīs/iīs	eīs/iīs	six	6

Also very common is the relative pronoun quī, quae, quod "who, which". The interrogative quis? quid? "who? what?" and indefinite quis, qua, quid "anyone, anything" are like apart from the nominative singular:^[32]

Case	thou. sg.	f. sg.	n. sg.		thou. pl	f. pl.	north. pl.	Br	Am
Nominative	quī	quae	quod		quī	quae	quae	1	1
Accusative	quem	quam	quod		quōs	quās	quae	3	4
Genitive	cuius	cuius	cuius		quōrum	quārum	quōrum	four	2
Dative	cui	cui	cui		quibus	quibus	quibus	5	3
Ablative	quō	quā	quō		quibus	quibus	quibus	half-dozen	6

Like adjectives, pronouns must agree in gender, case, and number with the nouns they refer to, equally in the following, where hic is masculine agreeing with amor, just haec is feminine, agreeing with patria:

hic amor, haec patria est = this is my dearest, this my country^[33]

There is no indefinite article or definite article (the, a, an). Sometimes the weak determiner is, ea, id (English "that, this") can serve for the definite commodity:

Persuāsīt populō ut eā pecūniā classis aedificārētur ^[34]

"He persuaded the people that a fleet should be built with the coin (with that coin)"

Adverbs [edit]

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs by indicating fourth dimension, place or manner. Latin adverbs are indeclinable and changeless. Similar adjectives, adverbs have positive, comparative and tiptop forms.

The positive form of an adverb can oftentimes be formed from an describing word by appending the suffix -ē (second coast adjectives) or -(t)er (tertiary coast adjectives). Thus the describing word clārus, -a, -um , which ways "brilliant", can exist assorted to the adverb clārē , which ways "brightly". The adverbial catastrophe -(i)ter is used to course adverbs from 3rd declension adjectives, for example celer "quick", celeriter "quickly". Other endings such equally -ō, -e, -tim are as well found.

The comparative form of an adverb is the same as the neuter nominative singular course of a comparative adjective and normally ends in -ius. Instead of the adjective clārior , which means "brighter", the adverb is clārius , which means "more brightly".

The superlative adverb has the aforementioned base as the superlative describing word and always ends in a long -ē. Instead of the adjective clārissimus , which mean "very bright" or "brightest", the adverb is clārissimē , which means "very brightly" or "virtually brightly".

Some comparative and superlative adverbs^[35]

POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	Tiptop
dignē worthily	dignius more worthily	dignissimē very worthily, most worthily
fortiter bravely	fortius more bravely	fortissimē very bravely, most bravely
facile easily	facilius more hands	facillimē very easily, well-nigh easily
bene well	melius ameliorate	optimē very well, all-time
male desperately	peius worse	pessimē very badly, worst
magnopere greatly	magis more than	maximē very greatly, near, especially
paulum a little	minus less	minimē very footling, least
multum much	plūs more than	plūrimum very much, most
diū for a long time	diūtius for a longer time, any longer	diūtissimē for a very long time
saepe often	saepius more often	saepissimē very often, most frequently

Prepositions [edit]

Prepositions [edit]

A prepositional phrase in Latin is made up of a preposition followed by a noun phrase in the accusative or ablative case. The preposition determines the case that is used, with some prepositions allowing unlike cases depending on the pregnant. For case, Latin in takes the accusative case when it indicates motion (English language "into") and the ablative instance when it indicates position (English "on" or "inside"):

in urbem = "into the city" (accusative)

in urbe = "in the city" (ablative)

Most prepositions take one case only. For example, all those that mean "from", "by", or "with" have the ablative:

ex urbe = "out of the city"

ab urbe = "(abroad) from the city"

cum Caesare = "with Caesar"

Other prepositions have just the accusative:

extrā urbem = "outside the city"

advertizement urbem = "to/near the urban center"

per urbem = "through(out) the city"

circum urbem = "around the city"

Postpositions [edit]

In improver, there are a few postpositions. tenus "as far as" commonly follows an ablative, sometimes a genitive plural example:^[36]

Taurō tenus "as far as Taurus"

Cūmārum tenus "equally far as Cumae"

versus "towards" is usually combined with ad or in :

ad Alpēs versus "towards the Alps"

causā "for the sake of" follows a genitive:

honōris causā "for the sake of (doing) honour"

The give-and-take cum "with" is unremarkably a preposition, only with the personal pronouns mē, tē, sē, nōbīs, vōbīs "me, you sg., him/herself/themselves, us, you pl." it follows the pronoun and is joined to it in writing:

cum eō "with him"

mēcum "with me"

Both quōcum and cum quō "with whom" are plant.

Prepositions and postpositions in Latin (all-encompassing list)

Preposition	Grammar case	Comments
ā, ab, abs	+ abl	from; down from; at, in, on, (of time) later on, since (source of action or event) past, of
absque	+ abl	without (archaic, cf. sine and praeter)
advert	+ acc	towards, to, at
adversus, adversum	+ acc	towards, confronting (too an adverb)
ante	+ acc	earlier (besides an adverb)
apud	+acc	at, by, near, amongst; chez; before, in the presence of, in the writings of, in view of
causā	+ gen	for the sake of (normally after its noun; but the abl. of causa)
circum	+ acc	about, around, almost;
circā	+ acc	effectually, nearly, about; regarding, apropos
circiter	+ acc	(of place and time) near, close, round about
cis	+ acc	on, to this, the near side of, short of; earlier
citrā	+ acc	on this side of (also an adverb)
clam	+ acc & + abl	without the noesis of, unknown to (likewise an adverb). Its utilize with the ablative is rare. Clanculum is a variant of this preposition.
contrā	+ acc	against, opposite to, contrary to, otherwise, in return to, dorsum
cōram	+ abl	in person, face to confront; publicly, openly
cum	+ abl	with
dē	+ abl	from, concerning, about; downwardly from, out of
ergā	+ acc	against, opposite; towards, with regard to (sometimes placed after the noun or pronoun)
ex, ē	+ abl	out of, from
extrā	+ acc	exterior of, across
fīne, fīnī	+ gen	up to (ablative of fīnis). Can also be a postposition.[37]
grātiā	+ gen	for the sake of. Ordinarily placed afterward the noun.[38]
in	+ acc	into, onto, to; well-nigh, respecting; according to; against
	+ abl	in, among, at, on (space); during, at (time)
īnfrā	+ acc	below
inter	+ acc	betwixt, among; during, while
intrā	+ acc	within, inside; during; in less than
iūxtā	+ acc	nearly; near, close to, just as. Can besides follow the noun.[39]
ob	+ acc	in the direction of, to, towards; on business relationship of, co-ordinate to, considering of, due to, for (the purpose of); against; facing
palam	+ abl	without concealment, openly, publicly, undisguisedly, obviously, unambiguously
penes	+ acc	Under one'southward government or command; In one's disposal or custody; At, with, most, concerning
per	+ acc	through, by means of; during
pōne	+ acc	behind; in the rear of
post	+ acc	behind (of space); afterwards, after (of time)
prae	+ abl	earlier, in front of, because of
praeter	+ acc	likewise, except; across; more than than
prō	+ abl	for, on behalf of; before; in front, instead of; about; according to; as, like; as befitting
procul	+ abl	far, at a distance
prope	+ acc	well-nigh, nearby, (figuratively) towards, about (in time)
propter	+ acc	near, close to, hard by; because of, on account of, for; (rare) through, by means of
secundum	+ acc	next, forth, according to
simul	+ abl	with
sine	+ abl	without
sub	+ acc	nether, upward to, up under, shut to (of a motion); until, before, upward to, about
	+ abl	(to) under, (to) beneath; near to, up to, towards; about, around (time)
subter	+ acc	nether, underneath; following (in social club or rank); in the reign of
	+ abl	underneath, (figuratively) beneath inferior
super	+ acc	higher up, over, across; during
	+ abl	concerning, regarding, near
suprā	+ acc	above, over, more than, before
tenus	+ gen & + abl	(with genitive and ablative) right up to, as far every bit, just equally far equally; (with ablative, of a process) up to (a given stage of); (with genitive and ablative, of limitation) to the maximum extent of, within. Used as a postposition.[36]
trāns	+ acc	across, beyond
versus, versum	+ acc	towards (postposition, usually combined with advertisement or in )[xl]
ultrā	+ acc	across

Numerals and numbers [edit]

The first three numbers have masculine, feminine and neuter forms fully declined every bit follows:^[41]

Declension	one grand	f	n		2 m	f	north		3 mf	north		Br	GL	Wh
Nominative	ūnus	ūna	ūnum		duo	duae	duo		trēs	tria		one	1	ane
Vocative	ūne	ūna	ūnum		duo	duae	duo		trēs	tria		2	5	half dozen
Accusative	ūnum	ūnam	ūnum		duōs/duo	duās	duo		trēs/trīs	tria		3	4	4
Genitive	ūnīus/-ius	ūnīus	ūnīus		duōrum	duārum	duōrum		trium	trium		4	two	ii
Dative	ūnī	ūnī	ūnī		duōbus	duābus	duōbus		tribus	tribus		5	3	iii
Ablative	ūnō	ūnā	ūnō		duōbus	duābus	duōbus		tribus	tribus		6	6	5

ūnus (one) can as well be used in the plural, with plural-merely nouns, e.yard. ūna castra "i camp", ūnae litterae "one letter". For larger numbers plural-but nouns use special numerals: bīna castra "two camps", trīna castra "three camps". (See Latin numerals.)

The numbers quattuor (four) through decem (ten) are not declined:

quattuor (4)

quīnque (5)

sex (half-dozen)

septem (7)

octō (eight)

novem (9)

decem (10)

The "tens" numbers are as well non declined:

vīgintī (20)

trīgintā (30)

quadrāgintā (40)

quīnquāgintā (fifty)

sexāgintā (60)

septuāgintā (70)

octōgintā (80)

nōnāgintā (90)

The numbers eleven to 17 are formed by affixation of the corresponding digit to the base -decim , hence ūndecim, duodecim, tredecim, quattuordecim, quīndecim, sēdecim, septendecim . The numbers xviii and 19 are formed by subtracting 2 and one, respectively, from twenty: duodēvīgintī and ūndēvīgintī . For the numbers 21 to 27, the digits either follow or are added to 20 by the conjunction et : vīgintī ūnus or ūnus et vīgintī, vīgintī duo or duo et vīgintī etc. The numbers 28 and 29 are over again formed past subtraction: duodētrīgintā and ūndētrīgintā . Each group of x numerals through 100 follows the patterns of the 20s but 98 is nōnāgintā octō and 99 is nōnāgintā novem rather than * duodēcentum and * ūndēcentum respectively.

Compounds catastrophe in 1 two and 3 are the only ones to reject:

I saw twenty blackbirds = vīgintī merulās vīdī

I saw 22 blackbirds = vīgintī duās merulās vīdī (where duās changes to agree with merulās )

The "hundreds" numbers are the following:

centum (indeclinable)

ducentī, -ae, -a (200)

trecentī, -ae, -a (300)

quadringentī, -ae, -a (400)

quīngentī, -ae, -a (500)

sēscentī, -ae, -a (600)

septingentī, -ae, -a (700)

octingentī, -ae, -a (800)

nōngentī, -ae, -a (900)

However, 1000 is mille , an indeclinable adjective, but multiples such as duo mīlia (2000) take mīlia as a neuter plural substantive followed by a partitive genitive:

I saw a thousand lions = mīlle leōnēs vīdī

I saw three thousand lions = tria mīlia leōnum vīdī

Ordinal numbers are all adjectives with regular outset- and second-declension endings. Most are built off of the stems of cardinal numbers (for example, trīcēsimus, -a, -um (30th) from trīgintā (30), sēscentēsimus, -a, -um nōnus, -a, -um (609th) for sēscentī novem (609). All the same, "first" is prīmus, -a, -um , and "second" is secundus, -a, -um (literally "following" the outset; sequi means "to follow").

Verbs [edit]

Persons of the verb [edit]

Each tense has endings corresponding to 3 persons in the singular, known as 1st person singular ("I"), 2d person singular ("yous sg."), 3rd person singular ("he, she, it"), and three in the plural, known as 1st person plural ("nosotros"), 2nd person plural ("y'all pl.") , and tertiary person plural ("they"). Dissimilar Ancient Greek, there is no dual number in the Latin verb.

1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg.	I you sg. he, she, it	amō amās amat	I love you sg. love he, she, it loves
1st pl. 2nd pl. tertiary pl.	we you lot pl. they	amāmus amātis amant	nosotros love you lot pl. love they love

Dissimilar in Castilian, French, and other Romance languages, there are no respectful 2nd person forms in Latin grammar: the second person singular is used fifty-fifty when addressing a person of loftier status. However, the 1st person plural is often used to mean "I".^[28]

Gender [edit]

Nigh verbs do not show grammatical gender: the same ending is used whether the subject is "he", "she", or "it". Yet, when a verb is made periphrastically out of a participle and part of the verb sum "I am", the participle shows gender, for example:

• missus est "he was sent"
• missa est "she was sent"

Impersonal verbs, such every bit nūntiātum est "it was reported", are neuter singular.

Vox [edit]

Latin verbs have two voices, active (east.k. dūcō "I lead") and passive (e.thou. dūcor "I am led").

Active	(doing)	dūcō	I atomic number 82, I am leading
Passive	(being done)	dūcor	I am led, I am being led

In addition there are a few verbs (e.1000. sequor "I follow") which have the endings of passive verbs just with an agile meaning. These verbs are known as deponent verbs.^[42]

Intransitive verbs such equally sum "I am" normally take no passive phonation. However, some intransitive verbs can be used in the passive phonation, simply only when impersonal, e.thou. pugnātum est "(a boxing) was fought", ventum est "they came" (literally, "it was come").

Mood [edit]

Latin verbs have iii moods: indicative, subjunctive, and imperative:^[43]

Indicative	(bodily)	dūcit	he leads, he is leading
Subjunctive	(potential)	dūcat	he may/would/should lead
Imperative	(command)	dūc!	lead!

Ordinary statements such equally dūcō "I pb" or vēnit "he came" are said to be in the indicative mood. The subjunctive mood (e.m. dūcat "he may lead, he would lead" or dūxisset "he would have led") is used for potential or hypothetical statements, wishes, and too in reported speech and certain types of subordinate clause. The imperative mood (e.g. dūc "lead!") is a command.

In addition Latin verbs have a number of non-finite forms, such as the infinitive and various participles.

Regular and irregular verbs [edit]

Detailed information and conjugation tables tin can be found at Latin conjugation.

Virtually Latin verbs are regular and follow i of the five patterns below.^[44] These are referred to equally the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and fourth conjugation, according to whether the infinitive ends in -āre, -ēre, -ere or -īre .^[45] (Verbs similar capiō are regarded as variations of the 3rd conjugation, with some forms similar those of the 4th conjugation.)

Other verbs like sum "I am" are irregular and take their own pattern.^[46]

REGULAR		I love	I meet	I lead	I capture	I hear
Nowadays tense active	I you sg. he, she, it we yous pl. they	amō amās amat amāmus amātis amant	videō vidēs videt vidēmus vidētis vident	dūcō dūcis dūcit dūcimus dūcitis ducunt	capiō capis capit capimus capitis capiunt	audiō audīs inspect audīmus audītis audiunt
Infinitive	to	amāre (1)	vidēre (2)	dūcere (3)	capere (3)	audīre (four)
		I am loved	I am seen	I am led	I am captured	I am heard
Present tense passive	I you sg. he, she, it we yous pl. they	amor amāris amātur amāmur amāminī amantur	videor vidēris vidētur vidēmur vidēminī videntur	dūcor dūceris dūcitur dūcimur dūciminī ducuntur	capior caperis capitur capimur capiminī capiuntur	audior audīris audītur audīmur audīminī audiuntur
Infinitive	to	amārī (1)	vidērī (2)	dūcī (three)	capī (iii)	audīrī (4)
IRREGULAR		I am	I am able	I bring	I desire	I get
Present tense	I you lot sg. he, she, information technology we you pl. they	sum es est sumus estis sunt	possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt	ferō fers fert ferimus fertis ferunt	volō vīs vult volumus vultis volunt	eō īs it īmus ītis eunt
Infinitive	to	esse	posse	ferre	velle	īre

Compound verbs such as adsum "I am nowadays", nōlō "I don't want", redeō "I go dorsum", etc., commonly have the same endings every bit the simple verbs from which they are made.

Tenses [edit]

A 3rd conjugation example [edit]

Latin verbs have half-dozen basic tenses in the indicative mood. Iii of these are based on the present stalk (e.g. dūc-) and iii on the perfect stem (e.yard. dūx-).

In addition, there are 4 tenses in the subjunctive mood, and ii in the imperative.

Further tenses can be made periphrastically by combining participles with the verbs sum "I am" or habeō "I have", for example ductūrus eram "I was going to lead" or ductum habeō "I have led".

The following table gives the various forms of a 3rd conjugation verb dūcō . As with other verbs, three dissimilar stems are needed to make the diverse tenses: dūc- in the three non-perfect tenses, dūx- in the three perfect tenses, and duct- in the perfect participle and supine. The perfect and supine stems for any particular verb cannot always exist predicted and unremarkably have to be looked up in a dictionary.

INDICATIVE	Active		Passive
Nowadays	dūcō dūcis dūcit dūcimus dūcitis dūcunt	I lead, I am leading y'all lead he/she/it leads we lead you lot pl. lead they lead	dūcor dūceris dūcitur dūcimur dūciminī dūcuntur	I am led, I am being led you lot are led he/she/it is led we are led yous pl. are led they are led
Future	dūcam dūcēs dūcet dūcēmus dūcētis dūcent	I will lead, I will exist leading you will lead he/she/it will atomic number 82 nosotros volition lead you pl. will lead they will lead	dūcar dūcēris/-e dūcētur dūcēmur dūcēminī dūcentur	I volition be led, I will be being led you volition be led he/she/it will be led we will be led y'all pl. volition be led they volition be led
Imperfect	dūcēbam dūcēbās dūcēbat dūcēbāmus dūcēbātis dūcēbant	I was leading, used to lead y'all were leading he/she/it was leading we were leading you pl. were leading they were leading	dūcēbar dūcēbāris/-re dūcēbātur dūcēbāmur dūcēbāminī dūcēbantur	I was being led, I used to be led you were being led he/she/it was existence led we were being led you pl. were being led they were being led
Perfect	dūxī dūxistī dūxit dūximus dūxistis dūxērunt/-ēre	I led, I have led you lot led he/she/it led we led you pl. led they led	ductus sum ductus es ductus est ductī sumus ductī estis ductī sunt	I was led, I have been led y'all were led he was led we were led you pl. were led they were led
Future Perfect	dūxerō dūxerīs/-is dūxerit dūxerīmus dūxerītis dūxerint	I volition accept led you will have led he/she/it volition have led we volition have led yous pl. will have led they volition have led	ductus erō ductus eris ductus erit ductī erimus ductī eritis ductī erunt	I volition have been led you will accept been led he will take been led we volition have been led you pl. will accept been led they will have been led
Pluperfect	dūxeram dūxerās dūxerat dūxerāmus dūxerātis dūxerant	I had led y'all had led he/she/it had led we had led you pl. had led they had led	ductus eram ductus erās ductus erat ductī erāmus ductī erātis ductī erant	I had been led you had been led he had been led nosotros had been led you pl. had been led they had been led
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present	dūcam dūcās dūcat dūcāmus dūcātis dūcant	I may atomic number 82, I would pb you would lead he/she/information technology would lead we would lead you pl. would lead they would lead	dūcar dūcāris dūcātur dūcāmur dūcāminī dūcantur	I may be led, I would be led you would be led he/she/information technology would be led we would exist led yous pl. would be led they would be led
Imperfect	dūcerem dūcerēs dūceret dūcerēmus dūcerētis dūcerent	I might pb, should lead yous might lead he/she/it might atomic number 82 we might lead yous pl. might pb they might atomic number 82	dūcerer dūcerēris dūcerētur dūcerēmur dūcerēminī dūcerentur	I might be led yous might be led he/she/it might exist led we might be led you pl. might be led they might exist led
Perfect	dūxerim dūxerīs dūxerit dūxerīmus dūxerītis dūxerint	I would have led, I led you would accept led he/she/it would take led we would accept led you pl. would atomic number 82 they would have led	ductus sim ductus sīs ductus sit ductī sīmus ductī sītis ductī sint	I would have been led, I was led you lot were led he was led we were led you pl. were led they were led
Pluperfect	dūxissem dūxissēs dūxisset dūxissēmus dūxissētis dūxissent	I would have led, I had led yous would have led he/she/it would have led we would have led you pl. would have led they would take led	ductus essem ductus essēs ductus esset ductī essēmus ductī essētis ductī essent	I would have been led you would have been led he would have been led we would have been led you pl. would have been led they would take been led
IMPERATIVE
Present	dūc! dūcite!	pb! (sg.) lead! (pl.)	(dūcere!) ( dūciminī! )	be led! exist led! (pl.)
Future	dūcitō! dūcitōte!	lead! (sg.) lead! (pl.)
3rd person	dūcitō dūcuntō	he must lead they must lead
INFINITIVES
Present	dūcere	to lead	dūcī	to be led
Time to come	ductūrus esse	to be going to lead	ductum īrī	to be going to be led
Perfect	dūxisse	to have led	ductus esse	to have been led
Periphrastic perfect	ductūrus fuisse	to have been going to lead
PARTICIPLES
Present	dūcēns dūcentēs	(while) leading (sg.) (while) leading (pl.)
Future	ductūrus/a/um	going to lead
Perfect			ductus/a/um	having been led
GERUNDIVE			dūcendus/a/um	(needing) to be led
GERUND	advert dūcendum dūcendī dūcendō	with a view to leading of leading past leading
SUPINE	ductum (it) (facile) ductū	(he goes) in order to pb (easy) to lead

A distinction between perfective aspect (I did) and imperfective aspect (I was doing) is found only in the past in Latin. In the present or future, the same tenses have both aspectual meanings.

Unlike in Ancient Greek or modern English, there is no distinction betwixt perfect (I accept done) and uncomplicated by (I did). The aforementioned tense, known in Latin grammar as the perfect tense, has both meanings.

The passive imperative is almost never used except in deponent verbs, e.yard. sequere mē! "follow me!"

Variations [edit]

The different conjugations differ in some tenses. For example, in the future tense:

• 1st and 2d conjugation verbs and eō have the endings -bō, -bis, -bit, -bimus, -bitis, -bunt (due east.one thousand. amābō "I will love", vidēbō "I volition run across", ībō "I will go").
• 3rd and fourth conjugation verbs and volō and ferō have the endings -am, -ēs, -et, -ēmus, -ētis, -ent ( dūcam "I will lead", audiam "I will hear").
• Sum and possum have the endings erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt ( erō "I will be", poterō "I will be able")

In the imperfect indicative:

• Virtually verbs take the endings -bam, -bās, -bat, -bāmus, -bātis, -bant (e.chiliad. amābam, vidēbam, dūcēbam, capiēbam, ferēbam, volēbam )
• Sum and possum take eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant (east.thousand. poteram "I was able")

They also differ in the present subjunctive:

• 1st conjugation verbs have the endings -em, -ēs, -et, -ēmus, -ētis, -ent (eastward.g. amem "I may honey")
• 2nd, tertiary, quaternary conjugations have -am, -ās, -at, -āmus, -ātis, -ant ( videam "I may see", dūcam "I may lead", audiam "I may hear", eam "I may go")
• Sum , possum , volō take -im, -īs, -information technology, -īmus, -ītis, -int ( sim "I may be", possim "I may be able", velim "I may wish")

The imperfect subjunctive of every verb looks like the infinitive + an ending:

• Regular: amārem, vidērem, dūcerem, caperem, audīrem
• Irregular: essem, possem, ferrem, vellem, īrem

In the diverse perfect tenses, all verbs have regular endings. However, the stem to which the perfect endings are added cannot always be guessed, and so is given in dictionaries.

Word order [edit]

Latin allows a very flexible word order because of its inflectional syntax. Ordinary prose tended to follow the pattern of subject, direct object, indirect object, adverbial words or phrases, verb (with the proviso that when noun and verb brand a chemical compound, as impetum facio "I attack / make an attack" the noun is generally placed close to the verb).^[47] Any extra but subordinate verb, such every bit an infinitive, is placed earlier the primary verb. Adjectives and participles ordinarily directly follow nouns unless they are adjectives of beauty, size, quantity, goodness, or truth, in which case they commonly precede the noun existence modified. Notwithstanding, departures from these rules are frequent.

Relative clauses are normally placed later on the antecedent that the relative pronoun describes. Since grammatical function in a judgement is based not on give-and-take order but on inflection, the usual word guild in Latin was often abandoned with no detriment to agreement merely with diverse changes in emphasis.

While these patterns of word order were the most frequent in Classical Latin prose, they were frequently varied. The strongest surviving bear witness suggests that the word order of vernacular Latin was by and large Subject-Object-Verb. That tin can be found in some very conservative Romance languages, such as Sardinian and Sicilian in which the verb is nonetheless often placed at the terminate of the sentence (see Vulgar Latin). On the other hand, discipline-verb-object word order was probably besides mutual in aboriginal Latin conversation, equally information technology is prominent in the Romance languages, which evolved from Latin.^[48]

In poesy, withal, give-and-take lodge was often changed for the sake of the meter for which vowel quantity (brusque vowels vs. long vowels and diphthongs) and consonant clusters, non rhyme and give-and-take stress, governed the patterns. I must bear in mind that poets in the Roman world wrote primarily for the ear, not the heart; many premiered their work in recitation for an audience. Hence, variations in word order served a rhetorical equally well as a metrical purpose; they certainly did not prevent understanding.

In Virgil's Eclogues, for instance, he writes, Omnia vincit amor, et nōs cēdāmus amōrī! : "Love conquers all, let u.s. also yield to love!". The words omnia (all), amor (beloved) and amōrī (to love) are thrown into relief by their unusual position in their corresponding phrases.

The ending of the common Roman name Mārcus is different in each of the following pairs of examples because of its grammatical usage in each pair. The ordering in the second sentence of each pair would be correct in Latin and conspicuously understood, whereas in English it is awkward, at best, and meaningless, at worst:

Mārcus ferit Cornēliam : Marcus hits Cornelia. (discipline–verb–object)

Mārcunited states Cornēliam ferit : Marcus Cornelia hits. (field of study–object–verb)

Cornēlia dedit Mārcō dōnum : Cornelia gave Marcus a gift. (discipline–verb–indirect object–direct object)

Cornēlia Mārcō dōnum dedit : Cornelia (to) Marcus a souvenir gave. (subject area–indirect object–direct object–verb)

See too [edit]

• Declension of Greek nouns in Latin
• Latin syntax
• Latin mnemonics
• Latin give-and-take lodge
• Latin numerals

Bibliography [edit]

• Alvarez, S.J., Rev. Emmanuel, Institutio Grammatica (Roman Method). Rome 1860.
• Bennett, Charles Edwin (1895). Latin Grammar. Boston: Allyn and Salary.
• Devine, Andrew M. & Laurence D. Stephens (2006), Latin Word Order. Structured Meaning and Information. Oxford: Oxford University Printing. Pp. xii, 639. ISBN 0-19-518168-9.
• Gildersleeve, B.Fifty. & Gonzalez Lodge (1895). Gildersleeve'due south Latin Grammar. 3rd Edition. (Macmillan)
• Greenough, J.B. et al. (1903). Allen and Greenough'south New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges. Boston and London.
• Kennedy, Benjamin Hall (1871). The Revised Latin Primer. Edited and further revised by Sir James Mountford, Longman 1930; reprinted 1962.
• Kühner, Raphael; & Karl Stegmann (1912) [1879]. Ausführliche Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache
• Leumann, Manu; J.B. Hofmann, & Anton Szantyr (1977) [1926]. Lateinische Grammatik. Munich.

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 13.
2. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 22.
3. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), pp. 17–xix.
4. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 17.
5. ^ Greenough (1903), §49.
6. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 19.
7. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), pp. 22–26.
8. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), pp. xxx–31.
9. ^ Greenough (1903) New Latin Grammar, §91.
10. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), pp. 34–36.
11. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 119.
12. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), pp. 119–122.
13. ^ Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), pp. 240–2.
14. ^ Cicero, Planc. 101.
15. ^ Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), pp. 232–3.
16. ^ Gildersleeve & Club (1895), pp. 235–7.
17. ^ Curtius, 3.12.xvi.
18. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), pp. 123–127.
19. ^ Plautus, Pseudolus 634.
20. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), pp. 128–132.
21. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p, 130.
22. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 128.
23. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 132.
24. ^ Livy, ii.33.4.
25. ^ Cicero, Tusc. Disp. 5.113.
26. ^ Gildersleeve & Gild (1895), p. 42.
27. ^ ^{a b} Greenough (1903), p. 64.
28. ^ ^{a b} Greenough (1903), p. 63.
29. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 48.
30. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 49.
31. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), pp. 48, 42.
32. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 51.
33. ^ Virgil, Aeneid, four.345.
34. ^ Nepos, Themistocles 2.2.
35. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 44.
36. ^ ^{a b} Lewis & Short, Latin Dictionary, s.v. tenus .
37. ^ Lewis & Short, Latin Dictionary, s.v. finis .
38. ^ Lewis & Short, Latin Lexicon, s.five. gratia .
39. ^ Lewis & Curt, Latin Dictionary, s.v. iuxta .
40. ^ Lewis & Brusk, Latin Lexicon, due south.v. verto .
41. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 45.
42. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 59.
43. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. 58.
44. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), pp. 64–84.
45. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), p. lx.
46. ^ Kennedy (1962 ed.), pp. 62, 85–88.
47. ^ Andrew 1000. Devine, Laurence D. Stephens, Latin Discussion Guild. Structured Meaning and Data. Oxford: Oxford University Printing, 2006, page 79.
48. ^ Devine, Andrew M.; Stephens, Laurence D. (2006). Latin discussion order: structured meaning and information . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–5. Word club is what gets the reader of Latin from disjoint sentences to coherent and incrementally interpretable text.

External links [edit]

• New Latin Grammer by Charles E. Bennett (gratis ebook) (1895, third edition 1918)
• Allen and Greenough'south New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges (1903) (public domain volume)
• Online version of Gildersleeve & Society'due south Latin Grammar (total version, 1903)
• "Textkit.com" Website containing links to useful resources for learners of Latin.
• Ablative Absolute from Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammer
• Ablative Accented by William Harris
• Latin Lexicon and Grammar Assistance from Notre Matriarch.
• A Practical Grammar of the Latin Language; with Perpetual Exercises in Speaking and Writing: For the Utilise of Schools, Colleges, and Private Learners, by George J. Adler
• Corpus Grammaticorum Latinorum: complete texts and total bibliography

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_grammar

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